区块链技术凭借其去中心化、不可篡改、可追溯等核心特性，正深刻变革食品产业的溯源、信任与治理模式。本研究基于近年的研究成果，系统梳理了区块链技术在食品领域的理论根基、多场景应用、技术实现与挑战。研究指出，区块链通过构建可信数据链条，已在农产品、畜产品、水产品及冷链食品等溯源场景中取得显著成效，并通过提升信息透明度有效增强了消费者信任与政府监管效能。然而，其广泛应用仍面临技术性能、经济成本、制度协同与社会认知等多重挑战。未来，通过推进“区块链+”与物联网、人工智能等技术的深度融合，构建激励相容的治理生态，并制定统一标准与法规，区块链技术有望成为支撑全球食品安全治理的关键基础设施。

Blockchain technology, with its core characteristics of decentralization, immutability, and traceability, is profoundly transforming the traceability, trust, and governance models of the food industry. Based on recent research findings, this study systematically reviews the theoretical foundation, multi-scenario applications, technical implementations, and challenges of blockchain technology in the food sector. The research points out that blockchain has achieved remarkable results in traceability scenarios such as agricultural products, livestock products, aquatic products, and cold chain food by constructing a trusted data chain. It has also effectively enhanced consumer trust and government regulatory efficiency by improving information transparency. However, its widespread application still faces multiple challenges such as technical performance, economic costs, institutional coordination, and social cognition. In the future, by promoting the deep integration of "blockchain+" with technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, building an incentive-compatible governance ecosystem, and formulating unified standards and regulations, blockchain technology is expected to become a key infrastructure supporting global food safety governance.