列宁晚年思想是经济文化落后国家探索社会主义建设的理论源头，其蕴含的解放思想、实事求是方法论，利用资本主义建设思路，反对官僚主义的政治警觉以及世界历史眼光，为后世留下了亟待回应的时代课题。面对二十一世纪中国与世界的复杂变局，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想以问题为导向，在方法论、经济建设、政党治理、世界使命四个维度，对列宁晚年思想作出系统性应答与创造性超越。这一思想不仅破解了社会主义与市场经济结合、长期执政条件下党的自我革命等难题，更以构建人类命运共同体、创造人类文明新形态的理论与实践，为二十一世纪马克思主义发展贡献了原创性中国方案。

Lenin’s late thoughts constitute the theoretical origin for economically and culturally backward countries to explore socialist construction. Containing the methodology of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, the thinking of utilizing capitalism for development, the political vigilance against bureaucracy, and a global historical perspective, they leave behind epochal issues that demand contemporary responses. Faced with the complex transformations of China and the world in the 21st century, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era takes problem-orientation as its guide, and delivers systematic responses and creative transcendence of Lenin’s late thoughts from four dimensions: methodology, economic construction, Party governance, and global mission. This theoretical achievement not only resolves tough problems such as integrating socialism with the market economy and the Party’s self-revolution under long-term governance, but also contributes original Chinese solutions to the development of Marxism in the 21st century through the theory and practice of building a community with a shared future for mankind and creating a new form of human civilization.