在全面推进乡村振兴和加强新时代青年思想政治教育的双重背景下，“返家乡”社会实践活动已成为引导大学生深入基层、了解国情、增长才干的重要载体。本文基于马克思主义实践观、社会存在决定社会意识的基本原理，以及认知-情感-意志-行为的心理建构逻辑，深入剖析“返家乡”社会实践对于塑造新时代大学生基层认同感的内在作用机制。本文认为，“返家乡”社会实践通过创造亲身参与的实地体验机会，能有效推动大学生对基层社会的认知深化、情感升华、意志锤炼与行为导向。同时，本文也客观分析了当前实践中存在的挑战，如实践深度不足、情感体验浮于表面、成果转化机制不健全等，并据此从优化实践内容设计、强化过程引导、构建长效机制等方面提出优化路径，旨在为提升“返家乡”社会实践的育人实效、筑牢大学生扎根基层奉献人民的信念根基提供理论参考。

Against the backdrop of comprehensively advancing rural revitalization and strengthening the ideological and political education of young people in the new era, the social practice campaign of "Returning to My Hometown" has emerged as a crucial vehicle for guiding university students to delve into grassroots levels, gain a profound understanding of the nation's conditions, and enhance their capabilities. Grounded in the Marxist perspective of practice, the fundamental principle that social existence determines social consciousness, as well as the logical framework of psychological construction encompassing cognition, emotion, volition, and behavior, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the intrinsic mechanism through which the "Returning to My Hometown" social practice shapes the grassroots identity of university students in the new era. The study contends that this practice effectively facilitates students' cognitive deepening, emotional sublimation, volition tempering, and behavioral guidance regarding grassroots society by providing opportunities for hands-on field participation. Simultaneously, the paper objectively analyzes the existing challenges in current practices, such as insufficient depth of participation, superficial emotional experiences, and an inadequate mechanism for translating achievements into practical outcomes. Based on this analysis, it proposes optimization paths from the perspectives of refining practical content design, strengthening process-oriented guidance, and establishing long-term mechanisms. The aim is to provide theoretical references for enhancing the educational effectiveness of the "Returning to My Hometown" social practice and solidifying university students' ideological foundation for rooting in and contributing to grassroots communities and dedicating themselves to the people.