新制度经济学由诺贝尔奖得主奥利弗·E·威廉姆森命名而来，简要来说，就是运用经济学方法研究制度的经济学。学派的主要代表人物有：科斯、威廉姆森、诺斯、哈特、张五常等经济学家。区别于制度经济学，新制度经济学在假设、研究对象、分析方法、理论和应用侧重等方面都有自身的特点。本文综述了新制度经济学的主要理论；并在政治、经济、文化三个方面，基于新制度经济学理论视角下结合中国具体国情和现实问题讨论的各类文献进行综述。

New Institutional Economics, named by Nobel laureate Oliver E. Williamson, is, in brief, the study of institutions using economic methods. Key figures in this school include economists such as Coase, Williamson, North, Hart, and Cheung. Distinguished from Institutional Economics, New Institutional Economics has its own characteristics in terms of assumptions, research subjects, analytical approaches, and theoretical and practical emphases. This paper reviews the main theories of New Institutional Economics and synthesizes various literature discussing China's specific national conditions and practical issues from the perspective of New Institutional Economics across political, economic, and cultural dimensions.