古埃及文明是人类早期文明的重要代表，依托尼罗河流域独特的自然条件孕育出辉煌灿烂的古代文化。本文梳理古埃及文明从统一王朝建立到希腊化时代衰落的完整历史脉络，剖析其政治、经济、宗教、艺术与科技的核心特征，从内部制度危机、外族入侵、自然环境变动多重维度解析文明衰落的复杂动因，探究古埃及在建筑艺术、文字文学、科技医学、宗教思想等领域留给后世的文化遗产。研究表明，古埃及文明虽已消亡，但诸多文明成果持续影响现代社会，为理解人类文明发展规律、文明传承与衰亡机制提供历史镜鉴 [1]。

Ancient Egyptian civilization is an important representative of early human civilizations, which bred splendid ancient culture relying on the unique natural conditions of the Nile River Basin. This paper sorts out the complete historical context of ancient Egyptian civilization from the establishment of the unified dynasty to its decline in the Hellenistic Age, analyzes its core characteristics in politics, economy, religion, art and science and technology, analyzes the complex causes of the decline of civilization from multiple dimensions including internal institutional crisis, foreign invasion and changes of natural environment, and explores the cultural heritage left by ancient Egypt to later generations in the fields of architectural art, writing and literature, science, technology and medicine, and religious thought. Studies show that although ancient Egyptian civilization has perished, many of its civilizational achievements continue to affect modern society and provide a historical reference for understanding the law of human civilization development and the mechanism of civilization inheritance and decline.