就如何界定公共利益和选择公共利益的立法模式，在我国《物权法》的制定过程中曾一度成为争论的焦点之一。笔者曾撰文提出了公共利益界定的六条实体性标准，即“受益人?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　一、程序论公共利益理论的传统                                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                              
　　认为“公共利益”是一个程序性概念的观念，始于美国建国时期联邦党人的公共利益观。联邦党人立论的观念基础是：公共利益不在个人利益之上，政府官员也不是有德性的行?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　美国联邦党人所开拓的程序论公共利益理论为后世的利益集团多元主义和公共选择理论所继承。但这两种理论都未能给出一种建构性的、可操作的程序机制，而只是向人们揭示?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　20世纪后半叶，以德国哲学家哈贝马斯为代表的法兰克福派的批评理论，提出了“商议性政治”概念。有关“商议性政治”中的“一种程序的民主概念”或许是克服利益集团多?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　二、公共利益界定的主体选择                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                              
　　公共利益界定的程序设计，首先要解决的是界定的主体问题。在我国理论界，关于公共利益界定的主体选择，存在以下三种观点：                                        
                                                                                                                                                              
　　一是认为应由立法机关作为界定的主体。这种观点认为，如果中国的全国和地方人大或其常委会能够对征收决定发挥实质性的作用，那么目前困扰中国社会的征收问题将得到根?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　二是认为应由行政机关作为界定的主体。这种观点认为，“依靠政府认定公共利益，政府通过社会公众的授权委托，形式上已经取得了公共利益的代表资格，即政府的形式合法?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　三是认为应由司法机关作为界定的主体。这种观点认为，政府是征收的实施主体，因而其不能作为自己案件的法官，同时成为公共利益的界定主体；人民代表大会的应有地位在?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　我们认为，公共利益的界定属于一个宪法分权的问题，是由立法机关、行政机关和司法机关通力协作予以解决的问题。[11]立法机关、行政机关与司法机关都承担着一定的公共?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　三、公共利益界定的具体程序机制                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                              
　　公共利益的形成是一个公共决策的过程，要保证最终决策结果的科学性、民主性和正确性，决策过程必须向公众公开，充分保障公众的知情权、参与权和意见表达权。我国目前?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　在比较法上，《法国公用征收法》所确立的公共利益界定程序，可能是最为完备的。在法国征收法上，存在着独立的公共利益调查与宣告程序。公共利益调查由调查员或者调查?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　上述法国征收法上的公共利益界定程序，体现出三个突出的特点：其一，公共利益界定程序是整个征收程序的前置程序，是征收程序中的一个独立阶段。此种程序设计体现了立?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　针对我国征收实践中公共利益界定方面存在的问题，我们认为，我国征收法上公共利益界定的具体程序机制，必须解决好以下三个方面的问题：                            
                                                                                                                                                              
　　第一，把公共利益调查与审查作为征收决定做出前的一个独立程序阶段。国土地资源部2001年颁布的《征用土地公告办法》所确立的“两公告”制度(包括“征用土地方案公告”
                                                                                                                                                              
　　第二，把“民主商谈”确立为公共利益界定必须遵守的实质性程序原则。我国有学者认为，利益相关方通过民主投票虽然能够判断征收是否符合公共利益，但征收中公共利益的?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　第三，把“公共利益听证”确立为公共利益界定中必须遵循的一个程序环节。国土资源部《征用土地公告办法》第9条和第10条确立了我国征地程序中的听证制度。其第9条规定?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　综上所述，我们建议我国未来的统一征收立法中，应明确规定公共利益界定的程序机制，其大致的内容可以如下：“征收决定机关于收到拟征收的申请后，应于五日内将拟征收?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　注释:                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[1]参见房绍坤、王洪平：《论我国征收立法中公共利益的规范模式》，载《当代法学》2006年第1期。                                                                
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[2]参见王洪平、房绍坤：《论征收中公共利益的验证标准与司法审查》，载《法学论坛》2006年第5期。                                                              
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[3][美]汉密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊：《联邦党人文集》，程逢如等译，商务印书馆1980年版，第264页。                                                                
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[4]参见李春成：《公共利益的概念建构评析———行政伦理学的视角》，载《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2003年第1期。                                                  
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[5]同注[4]。                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[6]参见[德]尤尔根?哈贝马斯：《交往行为理论：行为合理性与社会合理化》，曹卫东译，上海人民出版社2004年版，第274页。                                         
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[7]参见王利明：《论征收制度中的公共利益》，载《政法论坛》2009年第2期。                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[8]参见褚江丽：《我国宪法公共利益原则的实施路径与方法探析》，载《河北法学》2008年第1期。                                                                  
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[9]张千帆：《“公共利益”的困境与出路———美国公用征收条款的宪法解释及其对中国的启示》，载《中国法学》2005年第5期。                                      
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[10]参见[德]哈贝马斯：《在事实与规范之间：关于法律和民主法治国的商谈理论》，童世骏译，三联书店2003年版，第379-380页。                                     
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[11]同注[1]。                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[12]参见李轩：《中、法土地征用制度比较研究》，载《行政法学研究》1999年第2期。                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[13]我国《物权法》第28条在立法用语上使用了“人民政府的征收决定”，可见我国的征收是指行政征收，征收的公共利益决定机关应主要是指“人民政府”，即相关的征收决?
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[14]这主要是就我国的征收制度而言的。在“立法征收”是一种重要的征收类型的国家，公共利益的具体界定也是立法机关的一项重要职能，如美国就是如此。              
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[15]同注[10]。                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[16]参见郑贤君：《“公共利益”的界定是一个宪法分权问题———从EminentDomain的主权属性谈起》，载《法学论坛》2005年第1期。                                  
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[17]参见许中缘：《论公共利益的程序控制———以法国不动产征收作为比较对象》，载《环球法律评论》2008年第3期。                                               
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[18]同注[10]。                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[19]参见“罗士圈：城市危改的民本模式”，athttp：//news?mzyfz?com/times/a/20071012/210300-2?shtml，2009年5月16日访问。                                     
                                                                                                                                                              
　　[20]参见彭诚信、刘海安：《论征收制度中认定公共利益的程序性设计》，载房绍坤、王洪平主编：《不动产征收法律制度纵论》，中国法制出版社2009年版，第274-275页。